Ingufu, nk'ishingiro ry'ibintu bifatika mu iterambere ry'umuco w'abantu, zagiye zigira uruhare runini. Ni garanti y'ingenzi mu iterambere ry'umuryango w'abantu. Hamwe n'amazi, umwuka n'ibiribwa, bigize ibintu bikenewe kugira ngo umuntu akomeze kubaho kandi bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw'abantu.

Iterambere ry'inganda zikora ingufu ryahindutse cyane kuva mu "gihe" cy'inkwi kugeza mu "gihe" cy'amakara, hanyuma kuva mu "gihe" cy'amakara kugeza mu "gihe" cy'amavuta. Ubu byatangiye guhinduka kuva mu "gihe" cy'amavuta kugera mu "gihe" cy'impinduka mu ngufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

Kuva ku makara nk'isoko nyamukuru mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza kuri peteroli nk'isoko nyamukuru hagati mu kinyejana cya 20, abantu bakoresheje ingufu z'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima ku rugero runini mu gihe cy'imyaka irenga 200. Ariko, imiterere y'ingufu ku isi yiganjemo ingufu z'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima ituma bitakiri kure cyane yo kugabanuka kw'ingufu z'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima.

Ingufu eshatu zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu bukungu zigaragazwa n'amakara, peteroli na gaze karemano zizashira vuba mu kinyejana gishya, kandi mu gihe cyo kuzikoresha no kuzitwika, zizatera ingaruka z'ubushyuhe, zigatera imyanda myinshi, kandi zigahumanya ibidukikije.

Bityo rero, ni ngombwa kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku ngufu za kera, guhindura imiterere y’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zisanzweho, no gushaka ingufu nshya zivugururwa kandi zidafite umwanda.

Kugeza ubu, ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa zirimo ahanini ingufu z'umuyaga, ingufu za hydrogen, ingufu z'izuba, ingufu za biomass, ingufu z'amazi n'ingufu z'ubushyuhe, n'ibindi, kandi ingufu z'umuyaga n'ingufu z'izuba ni byo bikorerwa ubushakashatsi ku isi yose.

Ariko, biracyagoye kugera ku buryo bunoze mu guhindura no kubika ingufu zitandukanye zishobora kuvugururwa, bityo bigatuma kuzikoresha neza bigorana.

Muri urwo rwego, kugira ngo abantu bakoreshe neza ingufu nshya zishobora kuvugururwa, ni ngombwa guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishya ryoroshya kandi rinoze ryo kubika ingufu, rikaba ari n'ahantu hakomeye mu bushakashatsi ku mibereho y'abantu buriho ubu.

Muri iki gihe, bateri za lithiamu-iyoni, nk'imwe muri bateri zikora neza cyane, zakoreshejwe cyane mu bikoresho bitandukanye by'ikoranabuhanga, ubwikorezi, indege n'ibindi. , amahirwe yo gutera imbere aragoye cyane.

Imiterere ya sodium na lithium isa n'iya shimi, kandi ifite ingaruka zo kubika ingufu. Kubera ko ikungahaye ku bipimo byayo, ikwirakwira ry'isoko ya sodium mu buryo bumwe, n'igiciro gito, ikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga rinini ryo kubika ingufu, rifite imiterere y'igiciro gito n'imikorere myiza cyane.

Ibikoresho bya electrode nziza n'imbi bya bateri za sodium ion birimo imvange y'icyuma gihinduka, polyanions, phosphates z'icyuma gihinduka, uduce duto tw'ingufu, imvange y'icyuma, karuboni ikomeye, nibindi.

Kubera ko karuboni ifite ububiko bwinshi cyane, irahendutse kandi yoroshye kuyibona, kandi imaze kumenyekana cyane nk'igikoresho cya anode cya batiri za sodium-ion.

Dukurikije urugero rwa graphitization, ibikoresho bya karuboni bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: karuboni ya grafiti na karuboni idafite isura.

Karuboni ikomeye, ikomoka kuri karuboni idafite isura, ifite ubushobozi bwo kubika sodiyumu bwa 300mAh/g, mu gihe ibikoresho bya karuboni bifite imiterere yo hejuru ya graphitization bigoye kubikoresha mu bucuruzi bitewe n'ubuso bwabyo bunini n'uburyo bukomeye bwo gutunganya ibintu.

Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bya karuboni bidafite grafiti bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bushakashatsi bufatika.

Kugira ngo harusheho kunozwa imikorere y’ibikoresho bya anode kuri batiri za sodium-ion, ubushobozi bwo kunyura mu mazi no gutwara ibintu bya karuboni bushobora kunozwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza cyangwa guhuza imvange ya iyoni, ibi bikaba bishobora kongera imikorere y’ibikoresho bya karuboni mu kubika ingufu.

Nk'ibikoresho bya electrode mbi bya batiri ya iyoni ya sodiyumu, ibigize ibyuma ahanini ni karubide z'icyuma zifite imiterere ibiri na nitride. Uretse imiterere myiza y'ibikoresho bifite imiterere ibiri, ntibishobora kubika iyoni za sodiyumu gusa binyuze mu kuyungurura no gushyira hamwe, ahubwo binashobora guhuzwa na sodiyumu. Uruvange rwa iyoni rutanga ubushobozi binyuze mu gukora imiti kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu kubika ingufu, bityo bikanoza cyane uburyo bwo kubika ingufu.

Bitewe n'igiciro kinini n'ingorane zo kubona imvange z'ibyuma, ibikoresho bya karuboni biracyari ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya anode kuri bateri za sodium-ion.

Izamuka ry’ibinyabutabire by’icyuma bya “layered transition metal” ni nyuma yo kuvumburwa kwa graphene. Kuri ubu, ibikoresho bifite imiterere ibiri bikoreshwa muri batiri za sodium-ion birimo cyane cyane NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, nibindi.

Ibikoresho bya electrode ya polyanionic positive byabanje gukoreshwa muri electrode ya lithium-ion positive battery, hanyuma bikoreshwa muri bateri ya sodium-ion. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi birimo kristu za olivine nka NaMnPO4 na NaFePO4.

Fosfeti y'icyuma cya transition yakoreshejwe bwa mbere nk'igikoresho cyiza cya electrode muri bateri za lithium-ion. Uburyo bwo gukora imashini buracyari bumaze igihe kandi hari imiterere myinshi ya kristu.

Fosfate, nk'imiterere y'ibice bitatu, yubaka imiterere y'urufatiro ituma iyoni za sodium zisohoka neza kandi zigashyirwa hamwe, hanyuma ikabona bateri za sodium-iyoni zifite ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu neza.

Imiterere y'igishishwa cy'ibanze ni ubwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho bya anode bya bateri za sodium-ion byagaragaye mu myaka ya vuba aha. Hashingiwe ku bikoresho by'umwimerere, iki gikoresho cyageze ku nyubako idafite icyobo binyuze mu miterere myiza y'inyubako.

Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu miterere y’inyuma y’inyuma birimo nanocubes za cobalt selenide zitagira aho zihuriye, nanospheres za sodium vanadate zigizwe na Fe-N, nanospheres za carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres n’izindi miterere y’inyuma.

Bitewe n'imiterere yayo myiza cyane, hamwe n'imiterere y'ubumaji n'imyenge, imikorere myinshi ya electrolyte ihura na electrolyte, kandi icyarimwe, inateza imbere cyane ihindagurika rya iyoni za electrolyte kugira ngo igere ku kubika neza ingufu.

Ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa ku isi zikomeje kwiyongera, bigateza imbere iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu.

Kuri ubu, hakurikijwe uburyo butandukanye bwo kubika ingufu, ishobora kugabanywamo ububiko bw'ingufu zifatika n'ububiko bw'ingufu zikoresha amashanyarazi.

Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi bujyanye n'amahame y'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo kubika ingufu muri iki gihe bitewe n'inyungu zaryo zo kuba rifite umutekano mwinshi, igiciro gito, ikoreshwa ryoroshye, ndetse n'imikorere myiza cyane.

Dukurikije inzira zitandukanye zo gukora ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi, amasoko y’ingufu zikoreshwa mu kubika ingufu za electrochemical agizwe ahanini na supercapacitors, bateri za aside ya lead, bateri zikoreshwa mu gutwika lisansi, bateri za hydride ya nickel-metal, bateri za sodium-sulfure, na bateri za lithium-ion.

Mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu, ibikoresho bya electrode byoroshye byakuruye ubushakashatsi bw’abahanga benshi bitewe n’imiterere yabyo itandukanye, ubushobozi bwo koroha, igiciro gito, n’uburyo bwo kurengera ibidukikije.

Ibikoresho bya karuboni bifite ubushobozi bwihariye bwo kudahindagurika mu bushyuhe, ubushobozi bwiza bwo gutwara amashanyarazi, imbaraga nyinshi, n'ubushobozi budasanzwe bwa mekanike, bigatuma biba electrode nziza kuri bateri za lithiamu-iyoni na bateri za sodium-iyoni.

Supercapacitors zishobora gusharijwa vuba no gusohora umuriro mu gihe cy’ikirere kiri hejuru, kandi zikagira ubuzima bwo kuzenguruka inshuro zirenga 100.000. Ni ubwoko bushya bw’ingufu zihariye zo kubika ingufu za elegitoroniki hagati ya capacitors na bateri.

Supercapacitors zifite imiterere yo kuba zifite imbaraga nyinshi n'umuvuduko munini wo guhindura ingufu, ariko ingufu zazo ni nke, zikunze kwiyambura amazi, kandi zishobora kuva amaraso mu buryo butari bwo iyo zikoreshejwe nabi.

Nubwo icyuma gitanga ingufu za lisansi gifite imiterere yo kudacana umuriro, ubushobozi bunini, ubushobozi bwihariye kandi gifite urwego runini rw'ingufu, ubushyuhe bwacyo buri hejuru, igiciro cyacyo kiri hejuru, hamwe n'ubushobozi buke bwo guhindura ingufu bituma kiboneka gusa mu buryo bwo gucuruza.

Bateri za aside ya lead zifite ibyiza byo kuba zihendutse, zigezweho, kandi zifite umutekano mwinshi, kandi zakoreshejwe cyane mu magare y’ibimenyetso, amagare y’amashanyarazi, imodoka, no mu bubiko bw’ingufu. Udupapuro duto nko kwanduza ibidukikije ntidushobora kuzuza ibisabwa n’amahame agenga bateri zo kubika ingufu.

Bateri za Ni-MH zifite imiterere yo gukora ibintu byinshi bitandukanye, agaciro ka karori nke, ubushobozi bwa monomer bwinshi, n'imiterere ihamye yo gusohora umuriro, ariko uburemere bwazo ni bunini, kandi hari ibibazo byinshi mu gucunga uruhererekane rw'amabati, bishobora gutuma ibikoresho bimwe bitandukanya batiri bishonga byoroshye.