Ingufu, nkibishingiro bifatika byiterambere ryiterambere ryabantu, buri gihe byagize uruhare runini.Ni ingwate y'ingirakamaro mu iterambere ry'umuryango w'abantu.Hamwe namazi, umwuka, nibiryo, bigize ibintu nkenerwa kugirango abantu babeho kandi bigira ingaruka mubuzima bwabantu..

Iterambere ry’inganda zingufu ryagize impinduka ebyiri zikomeye kuva "ibihe" byinkwi zijya "mugihe" cyamakara, hanyuma kuva "ibihe" byamakara kugeza "mugihe" cya peteroli.Noneho byatangiye guhinduka kuva "ibihe" bya peteroli bihinduka "ibihe" byo guhindura ingufu zishobora kubaho.

Kuva mu makara nk’isoko nyamukuru mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 19 kugeza kuri peteroli nkisoko nkuru hagati yikinyejana cya 20, abantu bakoresheje ingufu z’ibinyabuzima ku rugero runini mu myaka irenga 200.Nyamara, imiterere yingufu zisi yose yiganjemo ingufu zimyanda ituma itakiri kure yukugabanuka kwingufu za fosile.

Ibintu bitatu gakondo bitwara ingufu z’ibinyabuzima bitwarwa n’amakara, peteroli na gaze karemano bizarangira vuba mu kinyejana gishya, kandi mu gihe cyo gukoresha no gutwika, bizanatera ingaruka za pariki, bitange umwanda mwinshi, kandi bihumanya. ibidukikije.

Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa kugabanya gushingira ku mbaraga z’ibinyabuzima, guhindura imiterere ihari yo gukoresha ingufu zidafite ishingiro, no gushakisha ingufu nshya zishobora kongera ingufu zitanduye kandi zidafite umwanda.

Kugeza ubu, ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu zirimo ingufu z'umuyaga, ingufu za hydrogène, ingufu z'izuba, ingufu za biyomass, ingufu z'umuyaga n'ingufu za geothermal, n'ibindi, kandi ingufu z'umuyaga n'ingufu z'izuba ni ahantu h’ubushakashatsi ku isi hose.

Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, biracyagoye kugera ku buryo bunoze bwo guhindura no kubika amasoko atandukanye y’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa, bityo kuyakoresha biragoye.

Muri iki gihe, kugira ngo tumenye ikoreshwa ry’ingufu nshya zishobora kuvugururwa n’abantu, ni ngombwa guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishya kandi ryoroshye ryo kubika ingufu, naryo rikaba rishyushye mu bushakashatsi bw’imibereho.

Kugeza ubu, bateri ya lithium-ion, nka imwe muri bateri ya kabiri ikora neza, yakoreshejwe cyane mubikoresho bitandukanye bya elegitoroniki, ubwikorezi, ikirere ndetse nizindi nzego., ibyiringiro byiterambere biragoye.

Imiterere yumubiri na chimique ya sodium na lithium birasa, kandi bifite ingaruka zo kubika ingufu.Kubera ibiyikungahaye, gukwirakwiza isoko ya sodium, hamwe nigiciro gito, ikoreshwa muburyo bunini bwo kubika ingufu nini, ifite ibiranga igiciro gito kandi neza.

Ibikoresho byiza na bibi bya electrode ya bateri ya sodium ion harimo ibice byinzibacyuho byinzibacyuho, polyanion, fosifate yicyuma, intoki-shell nanoparticles, ibyuma byuma, karubone ikomeye, nibindi.

Nkikintu gifite ibigega byinshi cyane muri kamere, karubone irahendutse kandi yoroshye kuyibona, kandi imaze kumenyekana cyane nkibikoresho bya anode ya bateri ya sodium-ion.

Ukurikije urwego rwo gushushanya, ibikoresho bya karubone bishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: karubone ya grafitike na karubone ya amorphous.

Carbone ikomeye, igizwe na karubone ya amorphous, yerekana ububiko bwa sodium ifite ubushobozi bwa 300mAh / g, mugihe ibikoresho bya karubone bifite urwego rwo hejuru rwo gushushanya biragoye guhura nubucuruzi bitewe nubuso bunini kandi bifite gahunda.

Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bidafite ishusho ya karubone ikoreshwa cyane mubushakashatsi bufatika.

Kugirango turusheho kunoza imikorere yibikoresho bya anode ya bateri ya sodium-ion, hydrophilicity hamwe nogutwara ibikoresho bya karubone birashobora kunozwa hifashishijwe ion doping cyangwa ikomatanya, bishobora kuzamura imikorere yububiko bwingufu za karubone.

Nkibikoresho bya electrode mbi ya batiri ya sodium ion, ibice byibyuma ahanini ni karbide yibyuma bibiri na nitride.Usibye ibintu byiza biranga ibikoresho-bipimo bibiri, ntibishobora kubika gusa ioni ya sodium ukoresheje adsorption no intercalation, ariko kandi bigahuzwa na sodium Ihuriro rya ion ritanga ubushobozi binyuze mumikorere ya chimique yo kubika ingufu, bityo bikazamura cyane ingaruka zo kubika ingufu.

Bitewe nigiciro kinini ningorane zo kubona ibyuma, ibikoresho bya karubone biracyari ibikoresho byingenzi bya anode ya bateri ya sodium-ion.

Kuzamuka kwicyuma cyinzibacyuho ni nyuma yo kuvumbura graphene.Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bibiri-bikoreshwa muri bateri ya sodium-ion harimo cyane cyane sodium ishingiye kuri sodium NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, nibindi.

Ibikoresho byiza bya polyanionic byakoreshejwe bwa mbere muri bateri ya lithium-ion ya electrode nziza, hanyuma ikoreshwa muri bateri ya sodium-ion.Ibikoresho byingenzi bihagarariye birimo kristu ya olivine nka NaMnPO4 na NaFePO4.

Inzibacyuho ya fosifate yambere yakoreshejwe nkibikoresho byiza bya electrode muri bateri ya lithium-ion.Synthesis inzira irakuze kandi hariho ibintu byinshi bya kristu.

Fosifate, nk'imiterere-yuburyo butatu, yubaka urwego rufatika rufasha gutandukanya no guhuza ioni ya sodium, hanyuma ikabona bateri ya sodium-ion ikora neza cyane.

Ibikoresho-shitingi yibikoresho ni ubwoko bushya bwibikoresho bya anode ya bateri ya sodium-ion yagaragaye gusa mumyaka yashize.Ukurikije ibikoresho byumwimerere, ibi bikoresho byageze kumurongo wubusa binyuze muburyo bwiza bwububiko.

Ibikoresho bisanzwe bisanzwe byubatswe birimo ibikoresho bya cobalt selenide nanocubes, Fe-N ifatanije na core-shell sodium vanadate nanosperes, imyuka ya karubone hollow tin oxyde nanosperes hamwe nubundi bwubatsi.

Bitewe nibiranga bihebuje, bifatanije nubumaji bwububiko nuburyo bubi, ibikorwa byinshi byamashanyarazi bigaragarira kuri electrolyte, kandi mugihe kimwe, binateza imbere cyane ion igenda ya electrolyte kugirango igere kubikwa neza.

Ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa kwisi zikomeje kwiyongera, ziteza imbere iterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu.

Kugeza ubu, ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo kubika ingufu, burashobora kugabanywa mububiko bwingufu zumubiri no kubika ingufu za electrochemic.

Kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi byujuje ubuziranenge bwiterambere rya tekinoroji nshya yo kubika ingufu kubera ibyiza by’umutekano muke, igiciro gito, gukoresha byoroshye, kandi neza.

Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi akoreshwa mububiko bwamashanyarazi harimo cyane cyane supercapacitor, bateri ya aside-aside, bateri yumuriro wa peteroli, bateri ya hydride ya nikel, bateri ya sodium-sulfure, na batiri ya lithium-ion.

Mu buhanga bwo kubika ingufu, ibikoresho bya electrode byoroshye byakuruye abahanga benshi mu bushakashatsi kubera imiterere yabyo itandukanye, ihinduka, igiciro gito, hamwe n’ibidukikije.

Ibikoresho bya karubone bifite imbaraga zidasanzwe za termo-chimique, amashanyarazi meza, imbaraga nyinshi, hamwe nubukanishi budasanzwe, bigatuma basezeranya electrode ya bateri ya lithium-ion na bateri ya sodium-ion.

Supercapacator zirashobora kwishyurwa vuba no gusohora mubihe biri hejuru, kandi zikagira ubuzima bwikubye inshuro zirenga 100.000.Nubwoko bushya bwingufu zidasanzwe zo kubika ingufu zitanga amashanyarazi hagati ya capacator na bateri.

Supercapacitor zifite ibiranga ubucucike bukabije n’umuvuduko mwinshi wo guhindura ingufu, ariko ubwinshi bwingufu zazo ni nke, zikunda kwibohora, kandi zikunda kumeneka electrolyte iyo zikoreshejwe nabi.

Nubwo ingufu za lisansi zifite ibiranga kutishyuza, ubushobozi bunini, ubushobozi bwihariye hamwe nimbaraga nini zidasanzwe, ubushyuhe bwacyo bukora, igiciro cyinshi, hamwe ningufu nke zo guhindura ingufu bituma biboneka gusa mubikorwa byubucuruzi.ikoreshwa mu byiciro bimwe.

Batteri ya aside-aside ifite ibyiza byo kugiciro gito, ikoranabuhanga rikuze, n'umutekano muke, kandi byakoreshejwe cyane muri sitasiyo yerekana ibimenyetso, amagare y'amashanyarazi, imodoka, hamwe no kubika ingufu za gride.Ikibaho kigufi nko kwanduza ibidukikije ntigishobora kuzuza ibisabwa cyane hamwe nubuziranenge bwa bateri zibika ingufu.

Batteri ya Ni-MH ifite ibiranga ibintu byinshi bihindagurika, agaciro gake karori, ubushobozi bwa monomer nini, hamwe nibisohoka bihamye, ariko uburemere bwabyo ni bunini, kandi hariho ibibazo byinshi mubuyobozi bwa bateri, bishobora kuganisha ku gushonga byoroshye bateri.