Ingufu zivugururwa ni ingufu zikomoka ku masoko karemano avugururwa ku kigero kiri hejuru y’icyo akoreshwa. Urugero, izuba n'umuyaga ni byo bihora bivugururwa. Ingufu zivugururwa zirahari kandi zirahari hirya no hino.
Ku rundi ruhande, ibicanwa by’ibimera - amakara, peteroli na gaze - ni umutungo udasubiranywa ufata imyaka miliyoni amagana kugira ngo uboneke. Ibicanwa by’ibimera, iyo bitwitswe kugira ngo bikore ingufu, bitera imyuka mibi ihumanya ikirere, nka dioxyde de carbone.
Kubyaza umusaruro ingufu zikomoka ku bimera bigabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere ugereranyije no gutwika ibimera bikomoka ku bimera. Guhindura imiterere y’ibimera bikomoka ku bimera, ubu bikaba ari byo bikurura imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ukajya ku ngufu zikomoka ku bimera ni ingenzi mu gukemura ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ibikoresho bishobora kuvugururwa birahendutse mu bihugu byinshi, kandi bitanga akazi kenshi inshuro eshatu ugereranyije n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli.
Dore amasoko make asanzwe y'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa:
INGUFU Z'IZUBA
Ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba nizo ziboneka cyane kurusha izindi zose, ndetse zishobora no gukoreshwa mu gihe cy'ikirere cyuzuye ibicu. Umuvuduko w'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zifatwa n'Isi ni inshuro zigera ku 10.000 ugereranyije n'umuvuduko abantu bakoresha ingufu.
Ikoranabuhanga rikoresha imirasire y'izuba rishobora gutanga ubushyuhe, ubukonje, urumuri rusanzwe, amashanyarazi, n'ibicanwa mu bikorwa byinshi bitandukanye. Ikoranabuhanga rikoresha imirasire y'izuba rihindura imirasire y'izuba mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi haba binyuze mu bikoresho bya photovoltaic cyangwa binyuze mu ndorerwamo zikoresha imirasire y'izuba.
Nubwo atari ibihugu byose bifite ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zingana, uruhare runini mu ruvange rw'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba rurashoboka kuri buri gihugu.
Ikiguzi cyo gukora panneaux solaires cyaragabanutse cyane mu myaka icumi ishize, bigatuma zidahendutse gusa ahubwo akenshi ziba amashanyarazi ahendutse. Panneaux solaires zimara igihe kingana n'imyaka 30, kandi ziza mu mabara atandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora.
IMBARAGA Z'UMUYAGA
Ingufu z'umuyaga zikoresha ingufu z'ikirere zigenda binyuze mu gukoresha turbine nini z'umuyaga ziri ku butaka (ku nkombe) cyangwa mu nyanja cyangwa mu mazi meza (ku nkombe). Ingufu z'umuyaga zimaze imyaka ibarirwa mu bihumbi zikoreshwa, ariko ikoranabuhanga ry'ingufu z'umuyaga ku nkombe no ku nkombe ryateye imbere mu myaka mike ishize kugira ngo amashanyarazi akoreshwe neza - hamwe na turbine ndende n'umurambararo munini wa rotor.
Nubwo umuvuduko w’umuyaga usanzwe utandukana cyane bitewe n’aho uherereye, ubushobozi bwa tekiniki bw’ingufu z’umuyaga ku isi buruta umusaruro w’amashanyarazi ku isi, kandi hari ubushobozi buhagije mu turere twinshi tw’isi bwo gutuma ingufu z’umuyaga zikoreshwa cyane.
Ibice byinshi by'isi bifite umuvuduko ukomeye w'umuyaga, ariko ahantu heza ho gukora ingufu z'umuyaga rimwe na rimwe ni ahantu hatandukanye. Ingufu z'umuyaga zo mu mazi zitanga ubushobozi butangaje.
INGUFU Z'UBUZIMA
Ingufu zikomoka ku bushyuhe zikoresha ingufu zituruka imbere mu Isi. Ubushyuhe buva mu bigega by'ubushyuhe hakoreshejwe amariba cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Ibigega bishyushye bihagije kandi binyura mu mazi byitwa ibigega bishyuha cyane, mu gihe ibigega bishyushye bihagije ariko bigatunganywa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa hydraulic byitwa sisitemu zigezweho z’ubushyuhe.
Iyo imaze kugera hejuru, amazi y’ubushyuhe butandukanye ashobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora amashanyarazi aturutse mu bigega by’amazi ashyushye rirakuze kandi ryizewe, kandi rimaze imyaka irenga 100 rikora.
UMUYOBORO W'AMAZI
Ingufu zikomoka ku mazi zikoresha ingufu z'amazi ava mu burebure zijya mu burebure. Zishobora kubyazwa mu bigega n'imigezi. Inganda zikoresha amazi mu kigega zikoresha amazi abitswe mu kigega, mu gihe inganda zikoresha amazi zikoresha ingufu ziva mu ruzi ziboneka.
Ibigega by'amashanyarazi bikoresha amazi bikunze gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye - gutanga amazi yo kunywa, amazi yo kuhira, kugenzura imyuzure n'amapfa, serivisi zo kuyobora inyanja, ndetse no gutanga ingufu.
Ingufu zikomoka ku mazi muri iki gihe ni zo soko nini y’ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu rwego rw’amashanyarazi. Zishingiye ku miterere y’imvura ihoraho muri rusange, kandi zishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku mapfa aterwa n’ikirere cyangwa impinduka ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima zigira ingaruka ku miterere y’imvura.
Ibikorwa remezo bikenewe kugira ngo habeho ingufu z'amazi bishobora no kugira ingaruka ku rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima mu buryo bubi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, benshi babona ko gukoresha amazi mu buryo buciriritse ari amahitamo meza yo kubungabunga ibidukikije, kandi akwiriye cyane cyane abaturage batuye mu turere twa kure.
INGUFU Z'INYANJA
Ingufu zo mu nyanja zikomoka ku ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu z’ubushyuhe n’ubushyuhe bw’amazi yo mu nyanja - urugero nk’imiraba cyangwa imigezi - kugira ngo hakorwe amashanyarazi cyangwa ubushyuhe.
Sisitemu z'ingufu zo mu nyanja ziracyari mu ntangiriro z'iterambere, aho hari ibikoresho byinshi by'ingero z'imiraba n'amashanyarazi yo mu nyanja birimo kuvumburwa. Ubushobozi bw'ingufu zo mu nyanja burenze byoroshye ibisabwa n'ingufu z'abantu ubu.
UBUMENYI BW'IBYORONI
Ingufu z’ibinyabuzima zikorwa mu bintu bitandukanye by’umwimerere, byitwa biomass, nk’inkwi, amakara, amase n’izindi fumbire zo gushyushya no gutanga ingufu, n’ibihingwa by’ubuhinzi mu gukora biofuel zikomoka ku bimera. Biomass nyinshi ikoreshwa mu byaro mu guteka, gucana no gushyushya ahantu, muri rusange n’abaturage bakennye mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere.
Uburyo bwa none bw’ibinyabuzima burimo ibihingwa cyangwa ibiti byabugenewe, ibisigazwa by’ubuhinzi n’amashyamba, hamwe n’imigezi itandukanye y’imyanda y’umwimerere.
Ingufu ziterwa no gutwika biomass zitera imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ariko ku rugero rwo hasi ugereranije no gutwika ibikomoka ku bimera nka amakara, peteroli cyangwa gaze. Ariko, bioenergy igomba gukoreshwa gusa mu buryo buke, bitewe n’ingaruka mbi zishobora kubaho ku bidukikije zijyanye n’ubwiyongere bunini bw’amashyamba n’ibikomoka ku bimera, ndetse n’ingaruka zo gutema amashyamba no guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-29-2022