Ingufu zisubirwamo ningufu zikomoka kumasoko karemano yuzuzwa ku kigero cyo hejuru kuruta uko zikoreshwa.Urumuri rw'izuba n'umuyaga, kurugero, nizo nkomoko zihora zuzuzwa.Amasoko yingufu zisubirwamo ni menshi kandi hirya no hino.
Ibicanwa biva mu kirere - amakara, peteroli na gaze - kurundi ruhande, ni ibintu bidasubirwaho bifata imyaka miriyoni amagana kugirango bibeho.Ibicanwa biva mu kirere, iyo bitwitswe kugira ngo bitange ingufu, bitera imyuka yangiza ikirere nka gaze karuboni.
Kubyara ingufu zishobora kubyara imyuka ihumanya ikirere kuruta gutwika ibicanwa.Kuva mu bicanwa biva mu bicanwa, ubu bikaba bifite uruhare runini mu ntare y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ku mbaraga zishobora kongera ingufu ni urufunguzo rwo gukemura ikibazo cy’ikirere.
Ibishobora kuvugururwa ubu bihendutse mubihugu byinshi, kandi bitanga imirimo inshuro eshatu kuruta ibicanwa biva mu kirere.
Hano hari amasoko make asanzwe yingufu zishobora kubaho:
SOLAR ENERGY
Imirasire y'izuba ninshi mu mbaraga zose z'ingufu kandi irashobora no gukoreshwa mubihe by'igicu.Igipimo ingufu z'izuba zifatwa n'isi zikubye inshuro zigera ku 10,000 kurenza igipimo abantu bakoresha ingufu.
Imirasire y'izuba irashobora gutanga ubushyuhe, gukonjesha, itara risanzwe, amashanyarazi, hamwe na lisansi kubikoresho byinshi.Imirasire y'izuba ihindura urumuri rw'izuba haba mumashanyarazi haba mumashanyarazi cyangwa mumirorerwamo yibanda kumirasire y'izuba.
Nubwo ibihugu byose bidahabwa ingufu zingana n’izuba, uruhare runini mu kuvanga ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y’izuba birashoboka kuri buri gihugu.
Igiciro cyo gukora imirasire y'izuba cyaragabanutse cyane mumyaka icumi ishize, bigatuma bidashoboka gusa ahubwo akenshi nuburyo buhendutse bwamashanyarazi.Imirasire y'izuba ifite igihe cyimyaka 30, kandi ikaza mubicucu bitandukanye bitewe nubwoko bwibikoresho bikoreshwa mubikorwa.
WIND ENERGY
Ingufu z'umuyaga zikoresha imbaraga za kinetic yumuyaga ukoresheje turbine nini yumuyaga iherereye ku butaka (ku nkombe) cyangwa mu nyanja- cyangwa amazi meza (offshore).Ingufu z'umuyaga zimaze imyaka ibarirwa mu bihumbi zikoreshwa, ariko tekinoroji y’ingufu z’umuyaga ku nkombe no ku nkombe zahindutse mu myaka mike ishize kugira ngo amashanyarazi akorwe - hamwe na turbine ndende na diameter nini ya rotor.
Nubwo umuvuduko ukabije wumuyaga utandukana cyane bitewe n’ahantu, ubushobozi bwa tekinike ku isi y’ingufu z’umuyaga burenze umusaruro w’amashanyarazi ku isi, kandi imbaraga nyinshi zirahari mu turere twinshi tw’isi kugira ngo ingufu z’umuyaga zikoreshwe.
Ibice byinshi byisi bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga, ariko ahantu heza ho kubyara ingufu z'umuyaga rimwe na rimwe ni kure.Imbaraga z'umuyaga zo hanze zitanga imbaraga zidasanzwe.
ENERGY ZA GEOTHERMAL
Ingufu za geothermal zikoresha ingufu zumuriro zishobora kuboneka ziva imbere kwisi.Ubushyuhe bukurwa mu bigega bya geothermal ukoresheje amariba cyangwa ubundi buryo.
Ibigega bisanzwe bishyushye bihagije kandi byinjira byitwa hydrothermal reservoir, mugihe ibigega bishyushye bihagije ariko bigatezwa imbere hamwe na hydraulic bitera imbaraga byitwa sisitemu ya geothermal.
Iyo bigeze hejuru, amazi yubushyuhe butandukanye arashobora gukoreshwa kubyara amashanyarazi.Tekinoroji yo kubyara amashanyarazi ava mu bigega bya hydrothermal irakuze kandi yizewe, kandi imaze imyaka irenga 100 ikora.
HYDROPOWER
Amashanyarazi akoresha ingufu z'amazi ava hejuru akajya ahirengeye.Irashobora kubyara ibigega ninzuzi.Ibigega bitanga amashanyarazi bigendeye ku mazi yabitswe mu kigega, mu gihe urugomero rw’amashanyarazi rutemba rukoresha ingufu zituruka ku ruzi rushoboka.
Ibigega by'amashanyarazi bikunze gukoreshwa byinshi - gutanga amazi yo kunywa, amazi yo kuhira, umwuzure n’amapfa, serivisi zo kugendana, ndetse no gutanga ingufu.
Amashanyarazi kuri ubu niyo soko nini yingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mumashanyarazi.Yishingikirije muri rusange imiterere yimvura ihamye, kandi irashobora guterwa nabi n amapfa yatewe nikirere cyangwa ihinduka ryibinyabuzima bigira ingaruka kumvura.
Ibikorwa remezo bikenewe mu gukora amashanyarazi nabyo birashobora kugira ingaruka kubidukikije muburyo bubi.Kubera iyo mpamvu, benshi bafata hydro-nini ya hydro uburyo bwo kwangiza ibidukikije, kandi cyane cyane bubereye abaturage ahantu kure.
ENERGY OCEAN
Ingufu zo mu nyanja zikomoka kuri tekinoroji ikoresha ingufu za kinetic nubushyuhe bwamazi yo mu nyanja - imiraba cyangwa imigezi urugero - kubyara amashanyarazi cyangwa ubushyuhe.
Sisitemu yingufu zo mu nyanja ziracyari mu ntangiriro yiterambere, hamwe nubushakashatsi butandukanye bwa prototype hamwe nibikoresho byamazi bigezweho.Ubushobozi bwimbaraga zingufu zo mu nyanja birenze byoroshye imbaraga zabantu zisabwa.
BIOENERGY
Bioenergy ikorwa mubikoresho bitandukanye kama, bita biomass, nkibiti, amakara, amase nandi mafumbire yubushyuhe n’amashanyarazi, n’ibihingwa ngandurarugo bikomoka kuri peteroli.Biyomasi nyinshi ikoreshwa mucyaro muguteka, gucana no gushyushya ikirere, muri rusange nabaturage bakennye mubihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.
Sisitemu ya kijyambere ya biomass irimo ibihingwa cyangwa ibiti byabigenewe, ibisigisigi biva mu buhinzi n’amashyamba, ninzuzi zitandukanye.
Ingufu zatewe no gutwika biyomasi zitera ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ariko kurwego rwo hasi kuruta gutwika ibicanwa nka makara, peteroli cyangwa gaze.Nyamara, bioenergy igomba gukoreshwa gusa mubikorwa bike, bitewe ningaruka mbi z’ibidukikije zijyanye no kwiyongera kwinshi mu mashyamba n’ibinyabuzima, ndetse no gutema amashyamba no guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Ugushyingo-29-2022