Izamuka rikomeye ry’ibiciro by’ibikoresho fatizo bya bateri kuva mu ntangiriro za 2021 riri gutera ibihuha ku bijyanye no kwangirika kw’ibikenewe cyangwa gutinda, kandi byatumye abantu bizera ko amasosiyete y’imodoka ashobora guhindura ibyo akunda ku modoka zayo zikoresha amashanyarazi.

Ipaki ihendutse cyane yakunze kuba litiyumu-icyuma-phosphate, cyangwaLFP.Tesla imaze gukoresha LFP mu modoka zayo zo mu bwoko bwa mbere zakorewe mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2021. Abandi bakora imodoka nka Volkswagen na Rivian nabo batangaje ko bazakoresha LFP mu modoka zabo zihendutse.

Bateri za Nickel-cobalt-manganese, cyangwa NCM, ni ubundi buryo. Zikeneye ingano imwe ya lithium kugira ngoLFP, ariko harimo kobalti, ihenze kandi inzira yo kuyikora iravugwaho rumwe.

Igiciro cya Cobalt metal cyazamutseho 70% mu mwaka. Nickel iherutse kugira imvururu nyuma yo gutakaza umwanya wa LME. Igiciro cya nickel cy'amezi atatu kiri ku isoko hagati ya $27,920 na $28,580 ku munsi ku ya 10 Gicurasi.

Hagati aho, ibiciro bya lithium byazamutseho hejuru ya 700% kuva mu ntangiriro za 2021, byatumye ibiciro bya bateri bizamuka cyane.
Nk’uko S&P Global Market Intelligence ibitangaza, ibiciro by’ibyuma bya bateri z’Abashinwa muri Werurwe byazamutseho 580.7% ugereranyije n’umwaka kuri bateri za LFP ku idorari rimwe kuri kilo, bigera hafi ku madolari 36/kwh. Bateri za NCM zazamutseho 152.6% muri icyo gihe kimwe bigera kuri $73-78/kwh muri Gashyantare.

"Inziralitiyumuigiciro cyazamutse mu mezi 12 ashize. Ni igabanywa rito ugereranyije n’uko wabitekereza [kuri NCM] kandi iyo umaze gushyiramo ibintu by’imikorere, ni icyemezo kigoye cyane kuruta uko byari kuba bimeze. Ushobora gushaka gutanga imikorere runaka ukurikije ikiguzi, ariko muri iyi minsi ntabwo bihendutse cyane.”

“Hari impungenge, mu by’ukuri, kuko ikiguzi cya LFP cyari gikabije cyane ku gice cy’intego yagenewe, ari cyo bateri zihendutse,” nk’uko byatangajwe n’umucuruzi wa lithium.

“Nta bundi buryo bugaragara bwo gusimbura bateri zikoresha nickel nyinshi (zirimo ibice 8 bya nickel cyangwa birenga) mu gihe gito cyangwa giciriritse. Gusubira kuri bateri za NMC zifite nickel nke bigarura impungenge ku ikoreshwa rya cobalt, mu gihe bateri za LFP zitarashobora kugera ku musaruro w’urwego rw’ibipimo kandi zifite imiterere mibi y’ubushyuhe buri hasi ugereranije na bateri zikoresha nickel,” Alice Yu, umusesenguzi mukuru muri S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Nubwo shimi ikunzwe cyane mu Bushinwa ari batiri ya LFP, bikunze gufatwa nk'aho NCM izagira uruhare runini ku masoko y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi - aho abaguzi bakunda imodoka zibatwara mu gihugu cyose cyangwa mu bindi bihugu ku giciro gito cyane.

“Iyo tureba gushushanya inganda zikora bateri, tugomba gusuzuma uburyo bworoshye bwo guhindura imiterere y’imodoka. Ubu hariho ubusumbane bw’ibiciro hagati ya LFP na NCM. Niba LFP yongeye kugabanuka cyane dushobora gushyira imbere umusaruro, ariko ubu twagakwiye gukora NCM kuko ari ibicuruzwa by’igiciro cyinshi.”

Undi muyobozi w’imodoka yongeyeho ati: “Bateri za LFP zizakoreshwa ku modoka zo mu cyiciro cya mbere, ariko ntizikoreshwa ku modoka zihenze”.

Ikintu kigabanya

Itangwa rya Lithium riracyari ikibazo gikomeye ku isoko rya EV kandi ni ikintu gishobora kubuza ikigo icyo ari cyo cyose guhindura ikoranabuhanga rya LFP byoroshye.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na S&P Global Commodity Insights bwerekana ko niba ibirombe byose bya lithium biri mu nzira bigeze kuri interineti mu gihe cyagenwe, hamwe n’ibipimo bikwiye by’ibikoresho bya batiri, hazabaho ibura rya toni 220.000 mu 2030, mu gihe ubusabe buzaba bugeze kuri toni miliyoni 2 mu mpera z’iki mwaka.

Abenshi mu batunganya litiyumu yo mu Burengerazuba ni bo bafite igice kinini cy'umusaruro wabo watanzwe hakurikijwe amasezerano y'igihe kirekire, kandi abahindura ibicuruzwa bo mu Bushinwa bagiye bahugira mu masezerano y'igihe gito n'ay'igihe kirekire.

“Hari ubusabe bwinshi [bwa buri kanya], ariko nta bikoresho dufite muri iki gihe,” uyu ni umwe mu batunganya litiyumu. “Dufite umubare w’ibikoresho biboneka gusa iyo umukiriya agize ikibazo, cyangwa agahagarika kohereza ibicuruzwa ku mpamvu runaka, bitabaye ibyo byose biba byatanzwe,” yongeyeho.

Impungenge zikomeje kwiyongera kuri lithiyumu, n'ibindi byuma bya batiri, bikaba ari byo bituma habaho ikoreshwa rya EV byatumye abakora imodoka barushaho kwivanga mu ruhando rw'inganda.

General Motors izashora imari mu iterambere ry’umushinga wa litiyumu ya Controlled Thermal Resources wo muri Californiya. Stellantis, Volkswagen na Renault bafatanyije na Vulcan Resources mu gushaka ibikoresho by’umushinga wa Zero Carbon mu Budage.

Uburyo bwo guhindura sodium-iyoni

Bitewe n’ibura ry’ibikenewe bya lithium, cobalt na nickel, inganda z’ababateri zagiye zishakisha ubundi buryo. Bateri za sodium-ion zifatwa nk'imwe mu mahitamo meza cyane.

Ubusanzwe iyoni ya sodiyumu ikoresha karuboni muri anode n'ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro kizwi nka Prussian Blue muri cathode. Hari "uruhererekane rw'ibyuma bishobora gukoreshwa kuri Prussian Blue, kandi bizatandukana bitewe n'ikigo," nk'uko Venkat Srinivasan, umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'imari cya Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS) gikorera muri Amerika kibivuga.

Amakuru avuga ko inyungu nini kuri sodium-ion ni uko ihendutse mu gukora. Kubera ubwinshi bwa sodium ku isi, izi bateri zishobora kugabanukaho hafi 3%-50% ugereranyije na bateri za lithium-ion. Ubucucike bw'ingufu bugereranywa na LFP.

Ikoranabuhanga rya Amperex (CATL), rimwe mu masosiyete akomeye mu gukora bateri mu Bushinwa, ryashyize ahagaragara umwaka ushize bateri yaryo ya mbere ya sodium-ion, hamwe n'umuti wayo wa AB bateri, byagaragaje ko ryashoboye guhuza uturemangingo twa sodium-ion na litiyumu-ion mu gapaki kamwe. Uburyo bwo gukora bateri ya sodium-ion n'ibikoresho byayo birahuye na bateri ya litiyumu-ion iriho ubu, nk'uko CATL yabitangaje.

Ariko mbere y'uko sodium-iyoni igera ku rwego runini rw'ubucuruzi, hari impungenge zimwe na zimwe zigomba kwitabwaho.

Haracyari impinduka zimwe na zimwe zigomba kugerwaho ku mpande za electrolyte na anode.

Ugereranyije na bateri ishingiye kuri LFP, sodium-iyoni irushaho kuba ikomeye iyo isohora umuriro, ariko ikaba idafite imbaraga iyo ishyushye.

Impamvu nyamukuru ibangamira ni uko iki gihe kikiri gito cyo kuboneka ku rwego rw'ubucuruzi.

Mu buryo nk'ubwo, hashowe ishoramari rya miliyari z'amadolari mu ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa bya lithium-ion hashingiwe ku bucuruzi bw'ibinyabutabire burimo lithium na nickel.

Umwe mu bakora bateri yagize ati: “Nta gushidikanya ko twareba kuri sodium-iyoni ariko tugomba kubanza kwibanda ku ikoranabuhanga risanzwe rihari kandi rizana uruganda kuri interineti.”