Abakora imodoka kuva kuri Tesla kugera kuri Rivian kugera kuri Cadillac barimo kuzamura ibiciro by'imodoka zabo zikoresha amashanyarazi mu gihe isoko rihinduka ndetse n'ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa bizamuka cyane cyane ku bikoresho by'ingenzi bikenewe muriBateri za EV.

Ibiciro bya bateri bimaze imyaka myinshi bigabanuka, ariko ibyo bishobora guhinduka. Hari ikigo giteganya ko mu myaka ine iri imbere hazabaho ukwiyongera gukomeye kw'ibikenewe by'amabuye y'agaciro ya bateri bishobora kuzamura igiciro cya selile za bateri za EV ku kigero kirenga 20%. Ibyo biri hejuru y'ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo bifitanye isano na bateri bimaze kuzamuka, bitewe n'ihungabana ry'ingufu zikomoka ku cyorezo cya Covid n'ubwinjiracyaha bw'Uburusiya muri Ukraine.

Ibiciro biri hejuru byatumye bamwe mu bakora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi bongera ibiciro byabo, bigatuma imodoka zisanzwe zihenze zigabanuka cyane ku Banyamerika basanzwe, kandi ikibazo ni iki: ese kwiyongera kw'ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa bizagabanya impinduramatwara hagati y'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi?

Gutanga ikiguzi ku

Umuyobozi mukuru w’inganda Tesla yamaze imyaka myinshi akora kugira ngo agabanye ikiguzi cy’imodoka zayo, kimwe mu bigize “umugambi wayo w’ibanga” wo guteza imbere impinduka ku isi yose mu gutwara imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ariko ndetse byabaye ngombwa ko yongera ibiciro byayo inshuro nyinshi mu mwaka ushize, harimo kabiri muri Werurwe nyuma y’uko umuyobozi mukuru Elon Musk yaburiye ko Tesla na SpaceX “byari biherutse kubona igitutu gikomeye mu izamuka ry’ibiciro” mu biciro by’ibikoresho fatizo n’ikiguzi cy’ubwikorezi.

Inyinshi muri Tesla ubu zirahenze cyane ugereranyije n’uko zari zimeze mu ntangiriro za 2021. Imodoka ya “Standard Range” ihendutse ya Model 3, imodoka ihendutse cyane ya Tesla, ubu itangira ku madolari 46,990 muri Amerika, yazamutseho 23% ugereranyije na $38,190 muri Gashyantare 2021.

Rivian yari undi muntu watangiye kuzamuka ibiciro, ariko kwimuka kwayo ntibyari bidafite impaka. Iyi sosiyete yavuze ku ya 1 Werurwe ko imodoka zombi zikoresha, R1T pickup na R1S SUV, zizongera ibiciro cyane, zigatangira gukora ako kanya. R1T izazamukaho 18% ikagera ku $79.500, nk'uko yabivuze, naho R1S izazamukaho 21% ikagera ku $84.500.

Rivian icyarimwe yatangaje verisiyo nshya zihendutse z’ubwoko bwombi, zifite imikorere mike isanzwe na moteri ebyiri z’amashanyarazi aho kuba enye, zifite igiciro cya $67,500 na $72,500 uko bikurikirana, hafi y’ibiciro by’umwimerere bya bene wabo b’abahanga bafite moteri enye.

Impinduka zatumye abantu bashya batangazwa: Mbere na mbere, Rivian yavuze ko izamuka ry’ibiciro rizakoreshwa ku byategetswe mbere y’itariki ya 1 Werurwe ndetse no ku byategetswe bishya, ahanini bigasubizwa ku bafite aho bafatira ibicuruzwa kugira ngo babone amafaranga menshi. Ariko nyuma y’iminsi ibiri, umuyobozi mukuru RJ Scaringe yasabye imbabazi avuga ko Rivian azubahiriza ibiciro bya kera ku byategetswe byari byashyizweho.

“Mu kuganira na benshi muri mwe mu minsi ibiri ishize, ndabizi neza kandi nemera ukuntu benshi muri mwe bababaye,” Scaringe yanditse mu ibaruwa yandikiye abafatanyabikorwa ba Rivian. “Kuva twashyiraho imiterere y’ibiciro byacu, cyane cyane mu mezi ashize, hari byinshi byahindutse. Ibintu byose kuva kuri semiconductors kugeza ku byuma bipima ibyuma kugeza ku ntebe byarahenze cyane.”

Lucid Group irimo kandi guha bimwe muri ibyo bihembo biri hejuru abaguzi b’imodoka zayo zihenze cyane zihenze.

Ku ya 5 Gicurasi, iyi kompanyi yavuze ko izazamura ibiciro bya sedan yayo y’akataraboneka ya Air ku kigero cya 10% kugeza kuri 12% ku bakiriya bo muri Amerika bashyiraho reservation zabo ku ya 1 Kamena cyangwa nyuma yayo. Ashobora kuba yaribuka ihinduka rya Rivian, umuyobozi mukuru wa Lucid, Peter Rawlinson, yijeje abakiriya ko Lucid izubahiriza ibiciro byayo by’ubu ku reservation iyo ari yo yose ikorwa kugeza mu mpera za Gicurasi.

Abakiriya basaba konti ya Lucid Air ku ya 1 Kamena cyangwa nyuma yaho bazishyura $154.000 kuri Grand Touring verisiyo, kuva ku $139.000; $107.400 kuri Air in Touring verisiyo, kuva ku $95.000; cyangwa $87.400 kuri verisiyo ihendutse cyane, yitwa Air Pure, kuva ku $77.400.

Igiciro cy'imodoka nshya yo ku rwego rwo hejuru yatangajwe muri Mata, Air Grand Touring Performance, ntigihindutse kuri $179.000, ariko - nubwo hari imiterere isa - irenga $10.000 ugereranyije na Air Dream Edition yasimbuye.

“Isi yarahindutse cyane kuva ubwo twatangazaga bwa mbere Lucid Air muri Nzeri 2020,” Rawlinson yabwiye abashoramari ubwo ikigo cyahamagaraga inyungu.

Akarusho k'umurage

Abakora imodoka bazwi ku isi bafite ubukungu buhanitse kurusha amasosiyete nka Lucid cyangwa Rivian kandi ntibigeze bahura n’ingaruka zikomeye ku izamuka ry’ibiciro bijyanye na bateri. Na bo barimo kumva igitutu ku biciro, nubwo barimo guha abaguzi ikiguzi ku rugero ruto.

Ku wa Mbere, General Motors yazamuye igiciro cyo gutangira imodoka yayo ya Cadillac Lyriq crossover EV, yongera amadorari mashya ku madolari 3.000 agera ku madolari 62.990. Uku kwiyongera ntikuremo kugurisha verisiyo ya mbere.

Perezida wa Cadillac, Rory Harvey, mu gusobanura izamuka ry’ibiciro, yavuze ko isosiyete ubu irimo gushyiramo igiciro cy’amadolari 1,500 ku ba nyirayo kugira ngo bashyiremo charger mu ngo zabo (nubwo abakiriya ba verisiyo ya mbere ku giciro gito nabo bazahabwa icyo giciro). Yanavuze ko imiterere y’isoko hanze n’ibiciro bihangana ari byo byazamuye igiciro.

Mu gihembwe cya mbere cy’umwaka ushize, GM yaburiye ko iteganya ko ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa muri rusange mu 2022 bizagera kuri miliyari 5 z’amadolari, inshuro ebyiri z’ibyo uruganda rukora imodoka rwari rwateganyaga mbere.

“Sintekereza ko ari ikintu kimwe gusa,” Harvey yagize ati mu kiganiro n’abanyamakuru kuwa mbere ubwo yatangazaga impinduka z’ibiciro, yongeraho ko isosiyete yahoraga iteganya guhindura igiciro nyuma yo kugitangira. “Ndatekereza ko hari ibintu byinshi byafashweho umwanzuro.”

Yavuze ko imikorere n'ibipimo bya Lyriq nshya ya 2023 bitahindutse ugereranyije n'uko byari bimeze mbere. Ariko izamuka ry'ibiciro ribigaragaza neza cyane n'igiciro cya Tesla Model Y, GM irimo gushyira Lyriq mu marushanwa.

Ford Motor ihanganye yashyize ibiciro mu gice cy’ingenzi cy’igurishwa ryayo ku modoka nshya y’amashanyarazi ya F-150 Lightning. Abasesenguzi benshi batunguwe umwaka ushize ubwo Ford yavugaga ko F-150 Lightning, iherutse gutangira koherezwa ku bacuruzi, izatangirira ku madolari 39,974 gusa.

Darren Palmer, visi perezida wa Ford ushinzwe gahunda z’amashanyarazi ku isi, yavuze ko isosiyete iteganya gukomeza ibiciro - nkuko byagenze kugeza ubu - ariko ko ihenda ku bicuruzwa "bidasanzwe", nk'abandi bose.

Mu kwezi gushize, Ford yavuze ko yiteze ko ibikoresho fatizo bizahura n’ingaruka mbi muri uyu mwaka, ugereranyije n’ibyari biteganyijwe mbere bya miliyari 1.5 by’amadolari bikagera kuri miliyari 2 z’amadolari.

“Tuzakomeza kubigumana kuri buri wese, ariko ndahamya ko tugomba kugira icyo dukora ku bicuruzwa,” Palmer yabwiye CNBC mu kiganiro twagiranye mu ntangiriro z’uku kwezi.

Niba Lightning izamutse, abafite reservation 200.000 bashobora kurokoka. Palmer yavuze ko Ford yabonye uko Rivian yabyitwayemo nabi.

Imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa yashyizweho

Lyriq na F-150 Lightning ni ibicuruzwa bishya, bifite imiyoboro mishya y’ibikoresho - kugeza ubu - byashyize abakora imodoka mu kaga ko kuzamuka kw’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa. Ariko ku modoka zimwe na zimwe zishaje zikoresha amashanyarazi, nka Chevrolet Bolt na Nissan Leaf, abakora imodoka bashoboye gukomeza kuzamuka kw’ibiciro nubwo ibiciro byari byo hejuru.

Imodoka ya GM ya Bolt EV yo mu 2022 itangira ku madolari 31.500, yazamutseho $500 ugereranyije n’iya mbere y’umwaka w’icyitegererezo, ariko yagabanutseho hafi $5.000 ugereranije n’umwaka ushize w’icyitegererezo kandi ihendutseho hafi $6.000 ugereranije n’igihe imodoka yatangiraga gushyirwa mu mwaka w’icyitegererezo wa 2017. GM ntabwo iratangaza ibiciro bya Bolt EV yo mu 2023.

Nissan yavuze mu kwezi gushize ko verisiyo ivuguruye ya Leaf yayo y'amashanyarazi, imaze kugurishwa muri Amerika kuva mu 2010, izakomeza kugira igiciro nk'icyo ku modoka izatangira mu 2023. Ubwoko buriho butangirira ku madolari 27,400 na 35,400.

Perezida wa Nissan Americas, Jeremie Papin, yavuze ko icyo sosiyete ishyize imbere mu bijyanye n'ibiciro ari ukwitabira izamuka ry'ibiciro ry'inyuma uko bishoboka kose, harimo no ku modoka zizaza nka Ariya EV. Imodoka ya Ariya yo mu 2023 izatangira ku madolari 45,950 ubwo izaba igeze muri Amerika mu mpera z'uyu mwaka.

“Ibyo ni byo by’ingenzi buri gihe,” Papin yabwiye CNBC. “Ibyo ni byo twibandaho… ni ukuri kuri ICE nk’uko bimeze ku modoka zitwara abagenzi. Turashaka gusa kugurisha imodoka ku giciro cyiza kandi ku gaciro kazo kose.”