Ibanga ryo kuramba kwa bateri zishobora kongera gukoreshwa rishobora kuba riri mu itandukaniro rinini. Uburyo bushya bwo kwerekana uburyo uturemangingo twa lithium-ion mu ipaki butuma amashanyarazi agabanuka bugaragaza uburyo bwo guhuza amashanyarazi n'ubushobozi bwa buri selile kugira ngo bateri za EV zibashe guhangana n'imikorere myinshi yo gusharija no gukumira gutsindwa.

Ubushakashatsi, bwasohotse ku ya 5 Ugushyingo muriIEEE Transactions kuri Control Systems Technology, igaragaza uburyo gucunga neza ingano y'amashanyarazi anyura muri buri selile mu gapaki, aho gutanga umuriro mu buryo bumwe, bishobora kugabanya kwangirika no gucika. Ubu buryo butuma buri selile ibaho neza kandi igihe kirekire.

Nk’uko byatangajwe na Porofeseri wa Stanford akaba n’umwanditsi mukuru w’ubushakashatsi Simona Onori, isuzuma rya mbere ryerekana ko bateri zicungwa n’ikoranabuhanga rishya zishobora kwihanganira nibura 20% by’ihindagurika ry’ingufu zo gushyushya no gusohora umuriro, ndetse no mu gihe zishyushya vuba kenshi, ibyo bikaba birushaho kugorana kuri bateri.

Inyinshi mu ngamba zakozwe mbere zo kongera igihe cyo gukoresha bateri y'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zibanze ku kunoza imiterere, ibikoresho, no gukora uturemangingo tumwe, hashingiwe ku gitekerezo cy'uko, kimwe n'uduhuza mu munyururu, agapaki k'ibati kaba gafite ubushobozi bwo gukora gusa nk'uturemangingo dufite intege nke. Ubu bushakashatsi bushya butangirana n'ubwumvikane ko nubwo uduhuza duto tudashoboka - bitewe n'uko hari uturemangingo duto twononekara vuba kurusha utundi iyo duhuye n'imihangayiko nk'ubushyuhe - ntabwo tugomba kugabanya agapaki kose. Icy'ingenzi ni uguhuza igipimo cyo gusharija gikurikije ubushobozi bwihariye bwa buri turemangingo kugira ngo hirindwe ko twangirika.

“Iyo bitafashwe neza, itandukaniro hagati y’uturemangingo rishobora kwangiza igihe kirekire, ubuzima, n’umutekano wa paki ya bateri ndetse bigatera ikibazo cy’ingufu za paki ya bateri hakiri kare,” ibi byavuzwe na Onori, umwarimu wungirije w’ubumenyi bw’ingufu mu ishuri rya Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability. “Uburyo bwacu bungana ingufu ziri muri buri turemangingo mu ipaki, bigashyira uturemangingo twose ku rugero rwa nyuma mu buryo bungana kandi bikanoza igihe kirekire cy’ipaki.”

Yahumekewe gukora bateri y'amakilometero miliyoni

Igice kimwe cy’ingufu z’ubushakashatsi bushya gishingiye ku itangazo ryo mu 2020 ryakozwe na Tesla, ikigo cy’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ryo gukora kuri bateri ya "miles miliyoni." Iyi bateri yaba ifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha imodoka mu birometero miliyoni imwe cyangwa zirenga (ifite charger ihoraho) mbere yuko igera aho, kimwe na bateri ya lithium-ion iri muri telefoni ishaje cyangwa mudasobwa igendanwa, bateri ya EV iba ifite charge nke cyane ku buryo idashobora gukora.

Bateri nk'iyo yarenga garanti isanzwe y'abakora imodoka ku bateri z'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi y'imyaka umunani cyangwa ibirometero 100.000. Nubwo bateri zikoreshwa mu gutwara imodoka zisanzwe zirengeje garanti yazo, icyizere cy'abaguzi ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi gishobora kwiyongera mu gihe izindi bateri zikoresha umuriro zihenze zizaba nke cyane. Bateri ishobora gukomeza gushyuha nyuma yo kongera gushyuha inshuro nyinshi ishobora no koroshya inzira yo gushyira amashanyarazi ku makamyo atwara imizigo miremire, no gukoresha sisitemu zitwa "motor-to-grid", aho bateri za EV zibika kandi zigatanga ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi.

Onori yagize ati: “Nyuma byasobanuwe ko igitekerezo cya bateri y’ibirometero miliyoni atari ikintu gishya mu by’ukuri, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo gukoresha bateri gusa mu kudakoresha uburyo bwose bwo gusharija.” Ubushakashatsi bujyanye n’ibyo bwibanze ku turemangingo twa lithium-ion imwe, muri rusange tudatakaza ubushobozi bwo gusharija vuba nk’uko bateri yuzuye ibikora.

Ashishikajwe n’ibyo, Onori n’abashakashatsi babiri bo muri laboratwari ye – intiti ya postdoctoral Vahid Azimi n’umunyeshuri wa PhD Anirudh Allam – bahisemo gukora ubushakashatsi ku buryo imicungire y’ubwoko bwa bateri zisanzwe ishobora kunoza imikorere n’igihe cy’ubuzima bwa bateri yuzuye, ishobora kuba irimo amagana cyangwa ibihumbi by’uturemangingo.

Bateri nziza cyane

Intambwe ya mbere, abashakashatsi bakoze icyitegererezo cya mudasobwa cy’imikorere ya bateri gishingiye ku buryo bufatika, kigaragaza neza impinduka zigaragara mu mubiri no mu bya shimi ziba muri bateri mu gihe cy’imikorere yayo. Zimwe muri izi mpinduka zibaho mu masegonda cyangwa iminota mike - izindi mu mezi cyangwa imyaka.

“Uko tubizi, nta bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwakoresheje ubwoko bwa bateri y’ikoranabuhanga ryakozwe mu buryo bwizewe cyane kandi bukoresha inshuro nyinshi,” ibi ni ibyavuzwe na Onori, umuyobozi wa Stanford Energy Control Lab.

Gukora simulation hamwe n'icyitegererezo byagaragaje ko paki ya bateri igezweho ishobora kunozwa no kugenzurwa hifashishijwe itandukaniro riri hagati y'uturemangingo tuyigize. Onori na bagenzi be babona ko iki gishushanyo cyabo kizakoreshwa mu kuyobora iterambere rya sisitemu zo gucunga bateri mu myaka iri imbere zishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye mu miterere y'imodoka zisanzweho.

Si imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi gusa zizagira icyo zigeraho. Onori yavuze ko hafi ya porogaramu iyo ari yo yose "ishyira ingufu mu gupakira batiri cyane" ishobora kuba umukandida mwiza wo gucunga neza bitewe n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bushya. Urugero rumwe ni indege zisa n'indege zitagira abapilote zifite amashanyarazi aguruka kandi agwa, rimwe na rimwe zitwa eVTOL, bamwe mu ba rwiyemezamirimo biteze gukora nk'amatagisi y'indege kandi zigatanga izindi serivisi zo gutwara indege mu mijyi mu myaka icumi iri imbere. Nyamara, hari izindi porogaramu za bateri za lithium-ion zishobora kongera gukoreshwa, harimo indege rusange no kubika ingufu nyinshi zishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

Onori yagize ati: “Bateri za Lithium-ion zimaze guhindura isi mu buryo bwinshi. Ni ngombwa ko tubona byinshi bishoboka muri ubu ikoranabuhanga rihindura ibintu ndetse n’izindi zizaza.”